Nanoparticles and nanomaterials as inevitable modern toxic agents. Review. Part 3. Influence of nanoparticles on brain and behavior. Conclusions and unsolved problems

The final part of the review focuses on existing methods and results studying effects nanoparticles (NPs) brain behavior. types behavioral tests used to assess changes in behavior NP-treated animals are described. data accumulated literature negative influence NPs animal brains exposed adulthood considered. signs different cellular tissue damage presented, such as development oxidative stress brain, inflammation swelling, disturbances structure cells, an increase permeability bloodbrain barrier. Disturbances spatial memory, working, long-term reference decreased propensity for social interactions, inhibition exploratory behavior, depression anxiety, impaired motor coordination, were found after various duration contact with NPs. information about consequences prenatal early postnatal, during lactation, example, mature offspring, is also Various young animals, cell proliferation, number cells undergoing apoptosis, edema vascular degeneration, a decrease expression genes associated neurogenesis, numerous stress. Behavioral adult that had ontogenesis considered, manifestations depressive or increased anxiety suppression short-term memory. Contradictory studies both presented. In conclusion, unresolved issues highlighted, general conclusions given.